Bee-pollinator-plant connections: A review of wild bee diversity and plant associations in West Bengal, India

Authors

  • Md. Abu Imran MALLICK West Bengal State University, Department of Zoology, Berunanpukuria, P.O. Malikapur, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal 700126 (IN) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7510-2920
  • Samprita MISHRA Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Department of Botany, Purulia (IN)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55779/nsb17312227

Keywords:

biodiversity, conservation, host plant, nectar plant, plant-wild bee species interaction, pollination, West Bengal

Abstract

This review synthesizes the current knowledge on the 139 species of wild bees in West Bengal, India, and their interactions with 17 plant families, including 37 species of host plants in Orobanchaceae and Brassicaceae, and 39 nectar plants in Asteraceae. The complex relationships between these wild bees and their host and nectar plants are discussed, including the importance of specific plant species, such as Sapindaceae (34 species), Onagraceae (33 species), and Fabaceae (20 species), for the survival and reproduction of certain bee species. The review highlights the need for further research on the interactions between these 139 wild bee species and their plant partners, with implications for the conservation and management of pollinator populations in the region, which is impacted by environmental factors such as habitat fragmentation and climate change.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Abbasi KH, Jamal M, Ahmad S, Ghramh HA, Khanum S, Khan KA, … Zulfiqar B (2021). Standardization of managed honey bee (Apis mellifera) hives for pollination of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) crop. Journal of King Saud University Science 33(8):101608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101608

Abbate AP, Campbell JW, Grodsky SM, Williams GR (2024). Assessing the attractiveness of native wildflower species to bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophila) in the southeastern United States. Ecological Solutions and Evidence 5(3):e12363. https://doi.org/10.1002/2688-8319.12363

Abrahamczyk S, Thielen M, Weigend M (2021). Frequency of flower visitors and achene production increase with rising population size in the self-incompatible herb Centaurea scabiosa (Asteraceae). Plant Ecology 222(5):613-623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-021-01129-1

Abrol DP, Abrol DP (2012). Value of bee pollination. In: Pollination Biology. Springer, Dordrecht pp 185-222. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1942-2_7

Abrol DP, Shankar U (2012). Pollination in oil crops: Recent advances and future strategies. In: Gupta S (Ed). Technological Innovations in Major World Oil Crops, Volume 2. Springer, New York, NY pp 221-267 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0827-7_9

Abrol DP, Shankar U, Chatterjee D (2017). Foraging rhythm of bees in relation to flowering of sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum L. Current Science 2359-2362. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26493548

Aćimović M, Zeremski T, Kiprovski B, Brdar-Jokanović M, Popović V, Koren A, Sikora V (2021). Nepeta cataria–cultivation, chemical composition and biological activity. Journal of Agronomy, Technology and Engineering Management (JATEM) 4(4):620-634.

Adgaba N, Ahmed AGA, Awraris SG, Al-Madani M, Ansari MJ (2016). Pollination ecology, nectar secretion dynamics, and honey production potentials of Acacia ehrenbergiana (Hayne) and Acacia tortilis (Forsk.) Hayne, Leguminosae (Mimosoideae), in an arid region of Saudi Arabia. Tropical Ecology 57(3):429-444.

Adhikari PB, Liu X, Wu X, Zhu S, Kasahara RD (2020). Fertilization in flowering plants: An odyssey of sperm cell delivery. Plant Molecular Biology 103(1):9-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-020-00987-z)

Afzal S, Singh NK, Singh N, Chaudhary N (2021). Structural analysis of extrafloral nectaries of Senna occidentalis L.: insights on diversity and evolution. Planta 254(6):125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-021-03781-3

Ahmed S (2023). Anthropogenic threats to honeybee ecology: A review. Journal of Advanced Research in Agriculture Science and Technology 6(2):21-43.

Aizen MA, Arbetman MP, Chacoff NP, Chalcoff VR, Feinsinger P, Garibaldi LA, ... Vanbergen AJ (2020). Invasive bees and their impact on agriculture. Advances in Ecological Research 63:49-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aecr.2020.08.001

Alarcón P, Padilla Báez SC, Cruz O, Martín R, Riaño Jiménez DA, Cure JR (2022). Pollen catalogue of plants used by three bumblebees of the genus Bombus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. Ecología Austral 32(02):567-580. https://doi.org/10.25260/EA.22.32.2.0.1858

Anchu CL, Vijayasree V, Abhijith RL, Sheena A (2025). Foraging interaction of stingless bee Tetragonula travancorica with flowers in ornamental plants. Entomon 50(2):137-144. https://doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v50i2.1457

Angelella GM, O’Rourke ME (2017). Pollinator habitat establishment after organic and no-till seedbed preparation methods. HortScience 52(10):1349-1355. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI11962-17

Anitha AA, Soumya CB, Subramanyam M, Verghese A (2017). Pentas lanceolata and Hibiscus rosa sinensis as bee flora for urban conservation of Apis dorsata (Fab.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems 23(2):138-141.

Antoine CM, Forrest JR (2021). Nesting habitat of ground‐nesting bees: A review. Ecological Entomology 46(2):143-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/een.12986

Anton S, Denisow B, Milaniuk K (2014). Flowering, pollen production and insect visitation in two Aconitum species (Ranunculaceae). Acta Agrobotanica 67(2). https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.2014.020

Aranda R, Catian G, Bogiani PA, Inforzato I (2011). Effect of nectar pillaging by native stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the abscission of flowers of Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd (Nyctaginaceae). Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 33(4):399-405. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v33i4.8191

Arifin M, Okamoto T (2023). Floral scent and pollination of the invasive plant Coreopsis lanceolata in Japan. Journal of Pollination Ecology 33:108-127. https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2023)740

Ascher JS, Pickering J (2020). Discover life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila), accessed online on 21 March 2020 at http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species

Ascher JS, Pickering J (2024). Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila), https://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Apoidea

Ashworth L, Quesada M, Casas A, Aguilar R, Oyama K (2009). Pollinator-dependent food production in Mexico. Biological Conservation 142(5):1050-1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.01.016

Astegiano J, Massol F, Vidal MM, Cheptou PO, Guimarães JrPR (2015). The robustness of plant-pollinator assemblages: linking plant interaction patterns and sensitivity to pollinator loss. PLOS ONE 10(2):e0117243. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117243

Awuchi CG, Morya S (2023). Herbs of Asteraceae Family: Nutritional profile, bioactive compounds, and potentials in therapeutics. Harvesting Food from Weeds, Chapter 2:21-78. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119793007.ch2

Ayyad MA (2003). Case studies in the conservation of biodiversity: degradation and threats. Journal of Arid Environments 54(1):165-182. https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.2001.0881

Bailes EJ, Ollerton J, Pattrick JG, Glover BJ (2015). How can an understanding of plant–pollinator interactions contribute to global food security? Current Opinion in Plant Biology 26:72-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2015.06.002

Bain A, Borges RM, Chevallier MH, Vignes H, Kobmoo N, Peng YQ, ... Hossaert-Mckey M (2016). Geographic structuring into vicariant species-pairs in a wide-ranging, high-dispersal plant–insect mutualism: the case of Ficus racemosa and its pollinating wasps. Evolutionary Ecology 30(4):663-684. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-016-9836-5

Baker AM, Redmond CT, Malcolm SB, Potter DA (2020). Suitability of native milkweed (Asclepias) species versus cultivars for supporting monarch butterflies and bees in urban gardens. PeerJ 8:e9823. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9823

Baker HG (1963). Evolutionary mechanisms in pollination biology: Origins and functions of floral systems are being elucidated by genetical and ecological studies. Science 139(3558):877-883. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.139.3558.877

Balao F, Talavera S, Herrera J (2024). Reproductive ecology of Dianthus inoxianus: a rare wild carnation with a specialized pollination system. Flora 310:152439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2023.152439

Bareke T, Abera T, Addi A (2021). Nectar secretion of Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels, Myrtaceae: Potential for honey production. Plants and Environment 3(2):30-36. https://doi.org/10.22271/2582-3744.2021.jun.30

Barrera Jr WB, Trinidad KAD, Presas JA (2021). Hand pollination and natural pollination by carpenter bees (Xylocopa spp.) in Passiflora edulis Sims. f. flavicarpa Deg. (yellow passion fruit). Journal of Apicultural Research 60(5): 845-852. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2020.1842580

Barrows EM (1976). Nectar robbing and pollination of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae). Biotropica 132-135.

Bartholomée O, Björnberg J, Smith HG, Kendall L (2024). Pollinator effectiveness and pollination dependency of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) in Swedish hemi-boreal forests. Journal of Pollination Ecology 36:135-143. https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2024)791

Bartomeus I, Ascher JS, Wagner D, Danforth BN, Colla S, Kornbluth S, Winfree R (2011). Climate-associated phenological advances in bee pollinators and bee-pollinated plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(51):20645-20649. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1115559108

Bascompte J, Jordano P (2007). Plant-animal mutualistic networks: The architecture of biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 38(1):567-593. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095818

Basnett S, Ganesan R, Devy SM (2019). Floral traits determine pollinator visitation in Rhododendron species across an elevation gradient in the Sikkim Himalaya. Alpine Botany 129(2):81-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00035-019-00225-3

Bava R, Castagna F, Lupia C, Ruga S, Conforti F, Marrelli M, ... Palma E (2023). Phytochemical composition and pharmacological efficacy evaluation of Calamintha nepeta, Calamintha sylvatica, Lavandula austroapennina and Mentha piperita essential oils for the control of honeybee (Apis mellifera) varroosis. Animals 14(1):69. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14010069

Belsky J, Joshi NK (2019). Impact of biotic and abiotic stressors on managed and feral bees. Insects 10(8):233. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10080233

Benedek P (1969). Flower visiting habits of lucerne pollinating wild bees and the increasing of wild bee population by providing unbroken feeding possibilities 1. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 63(1‐4):186-199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1969.tb04375.x

Bernard J, Brock KC, Tonnell V, Walsh SK, Wenger JP, Wolkis D, Weiblen GD (2020). New species assemblages disrupt obligatory mutualisms between figs and their pollinators. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8:564653. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.564653

Bernhardt P (1987). A comparison of the diversity, density, and foraging behavior of bees and wasps on Australian acacia. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 74:42-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399260

Bhatta VR, Kumar AN (2021). Survey of bee friendly flowering plants and bee-plant interaction in an urban green space in Bengaluru, India. Journal of Environmental Biology 42:1330-1337. http://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/42/5/MRN-1776

Bhattacharyya M, Bhattacharyya MK, Chakraborty SK, Acharya SK (2019). Bee sampling efficiencies of three different methods in a forested ecosystem in Southern West Bengal, India: A comparative study. Ecology, Environment and Conservation 25(1):269-276.

Bingham CT, Morley C (1897). The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera Vol 1. Wasps and Bees. Taylor & Francis pp 579.

Bisui S, Layek U, Karmakar P (2019). Comparing the pollen forage pattern of stingless bee (Trigona iridipennis Smith) between rural and semi-urban areas of West Bengal, India. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 22(3):714-722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2019.05.008

Blacquière T, Smagghe G, Van Gestel CA, Mommaerts V (2012). Neonicotinoids in bees: a review on concentrations, side-effects and risk assessment. Ecotoxicology 21:973-992. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-012-0863-x1

Blanchan N (1900). Nature's garden: an aid to our knowledge of our wild flowers and their insect visitors. IndyPublish.com.

Bogusch P, Bláhová E, Horák J (2020). Pollen specialists are more endangered than non-specialised bees even though they collect pollen on flowers of non-endangered plants. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 14(6):759-769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-020-09789-y

Bommarco R, Kleijn D, Potts SG (2013). Ecological intensification: harnessing ecosystem services for food security. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 28(4):230-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.012

Borna F, Ahmad NM, Luo S, Trethowan R (2016). Reproductive biology of a medicinally important plant Leonurus cardiaca (Lamiaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 64(4):342-358. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT15186

Bosch M, Pallisé JS, i Vergés CB (1997). Pollination ecology in tribe “Delphineae” (“Ranunculaceae”) in W mediterranean area: floral visitors and pollinator behaviour. Lagascalia 19(1):545-562.

Braman SK, Griffin B (2022). Opportunities for and impediments to pollinator conservation in urban settings: A review. Journal of Integrated Pest Management 13(1):6. https://doi.org/10.1093/jipm/pmac004

Brei AT (2009). Our right to health and our duty to nature. Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University.

Bretagnolle V, Gaba S (2015). Weeds for bees? A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 35:891-909. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0302-5

Brett MF, Strauss P, van Wyk K, Vaughan IP, Memmott J (2024). Spillover effects from invasive Acacia alter the plant–pollinator networks and seed production of native plants. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 291(2020):20232941. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.2941

Bruckman D, Campbell DR (2014). Floral neighborhood influences pollinator assemblages and effective pollination in a native plant. Oecologia 176(2):465-476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-3023-6

Brühl CA, Zaller JG (2021). Indirect herbicide effects on biodiversity, ecosystem functions, and interactions with global changes. Herbicides, Elsevier pp 231-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823674-1.00005-5

Bruner LL, Eakes DJ, Keever GJ, Baier JW, Whitman CS, Knight PR, ... Silva EM (2008). Butter fly feeding preferences of Lantana camara cultivars and Lantana montevidensis ‘Weeping Lavender’ in the landscape and nectar characteristics. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 26(1):9-18.

Buchmann SL, Nabhan GP (2012). The forgotten pollinators. Island Press.

Burkle LA, Alarcón R (2011). The future of plant–pollinator diversity: understanding interaction networks across time, space, and global change. American Journal of Botany 98(3):528-538. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000391

Campbell DR, Halama KJ (1993). Resource and pollen limitations to lifetime seed production in a natural plant population. Ecology 74(4):1043-1051. https://doi.org/10.2307/1940474

Cane JH, Love B (2016). Floral guilds of bees in sagebrush steppe: comparing bee usage of wildflowers available for postfire restoration. Natural Areas Journal 36(4):377-391.

Cane JH, Sampson BJ, Miller SA (2011). Pollination value of male bees: the specialist bee Peponapis pruinosa (Apidae) at summer squash (Cucurbita pepo). Environmental Entomology 40:614-620. https://doi.org/10.1603/en10084

Cao L, Hmimsa Y, El Fatehi S, Buatois B, Dubois MP, Le Moigne M, ... Proffit M (2023). Floral scent of the Mediterranean fig tree: significant inter-varietal difference but strong conservation of the signal responsible for pollinator attraction. Scientific Reports 13(1):5642. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32450-6

Capotorti G, Valeri S, Giannini A, Minorenti V, Piarulli M, Audisio P (2023). On the role of natural and induced landscape heterogeneity for the support of pollinators: A green infrastructure perspective applied in a peri-urban system. Land 12(2):387. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020387

Cappellari A, Bonaldi G, Mei M, Paniccia D, Cerretti P, Marini L (2022). Functional traits of plants and pollinators explain resource overlap between honeybees and wild pollinators. Oecologia 198(4):1019-1029. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-022-05151-6

Carr DE, Roulston TAH, Hart H (2014). Inbreeding in Mimulus guttatus reduces visitation by bumble bee pollinators. PLOS ONE 9(7):e101463. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101463

Carrión-Tacuri J, Berjano R, Guerrero G, Figueroa ME, Tye A, Castillo JM (2012). Nectar production by invasive Lantana camara and endemic L. peduncularis in the Galápagos Islands. Pacific Science 66(4):435-445. https://doi.org/10.2984/66.4.2

Carroll AB, Pallardy SG, Galen C (2001). Drought stress, plant water status, and floral trait expression in fireweed, Epilobium angustifolium (Onagraceae). American Journal of Botany 88:438-446. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657108

Carvallo GO, Medel R, Navarro L (2013). Assessing the effects of native plants on the pollination of an exotic herb, the blueweed Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae). Arthropod-Plant Interactions 7(5):475-484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-013-9265-0

Čeksterytė V, Treigytė G, Matuzevičius D, Jaškūnė K, Navakauskas D, Kurtinaitienė B, Navakauskienė R (2022). Comparative proteomic profile in bee-and manually-collected Taraxacum officinale pollen. Journal of Apicultural Research 61(4):543-556. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2021.1969819

Chakrabarti P, Rana S, Sarkar S, Smith B, Basu P (2015). Pesticide-induced oxidative stress in laboratory and field populations of native honey bees along intensive agricultural landscapes in two eastern Indian states. Apidologie 46:107-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-014-0308-z

Chandra K, Banerjee D, Raghunathan C, Gupta D, Rai P, Sharma G (2022). Faunal diversity of biogeographic zones of India: Gangetic Plains. Kolkata: Director Zool Surv India pp 1-369.

Chandra K, Saini J, Gupta D (2021). Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea (Bees). In: Fauna of Himachal Pradesh, State Fauna Series. Kolkata: Director, Zoological Survey of India 26 (Part-1):505-524.

Chantarasuwan B, Thongsrikem S, Pinyo P, Kanithajata P, Kjellberg F (2016). A natural population of Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem., in Thailand. Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi 3(265):287.

Chauhan S, Chauhan SVS, Galetto L (2017). Floral and pollination biology, breeding system and nectar traits of Callistemon citrinus (Myrtaceae) cultivated in India. South African Journal of Botany 111:319-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.04.010

Chen WH, Bain A, Wang SY, Ho YC, Tzeng HY (2022). Mediation of a mutualistic conflict for pollination via fig phenology and odor recognition between ficus and fig wasp. Plants 11(19):2603. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11192603

Chuttong B, Panyaraksa L, Tiyayon C, Kumpoun W, Chantrasri P, Lertlakkanawat P, ... Burgett M (2022). Foraging behavior and pollination efficiency of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) and stingless bees (Tetragonula laeviceps species complex) on mango (Mangifera indica L., cv. Nam Dokmai) in Northern Thailand. Journal of Ecology and Environment 46(3):154-160. https://doi.org/10.5141/jee.22.012

Clinebell RR, Bernhardt P (1998). The pollination ecology of five species of Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae) in the tallgrass prairie. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85:126-136. https://doi.org/10.2307/2992002

Coates JM, Brown J, Cunningham SA (2022). Wild bees nest in the stems of cultivated Rubus plants and act as effective crop pollinators. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 325:107741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107741

Comba L, Corbet SA, Hunt L, Warren BEN (1999). Flowers, nectar and insect visits: evaluating British plant species for pollinator-friendly gardens. Annals of Botany 83(4):369-383. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1998.0835

Cooley H, Vallejo-Marín M (2021). Buzz-pollinated crops: A global review and meta-analysis of the effects of supplemental bee pollination in tomato. Journal of Economic Entomology 114(2):505-519. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab009

Corbet SA, Williams IH, Osborne JL (1991). Bees and the pollination of crops and wild flowers in the European Community. Bee World 72(2):47-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1991.11099079

Çoruh S, Çoruh İ (2012). Weeds visited by Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) species. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Atatürk University 43(1):13-16.

Costa CCFD, Gonçalves RB (2019). What do we know about neotropical trap-nesting bees? Synopsis about their nest biology and taxonomy. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 59:e20195926. https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.26

Costa JS, Aguiar CML, da Costa Dórea M, dos Santos FDAR, Villa PM, de Aguiar WM (2024). Diet of Xylocopa grisescens Lepeletier (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in a semiarid area cultivated with passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims). Sociobiology 71(4):e11178-e11178. https://doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v71i4.11178

Cunha MS, Cardoso DC, Cristiano MP, de Oliveira Campos LA, Lopes DM (2021). The bee chromosome database (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Apidologie 52:493-502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-020-00838-2

da Silva CI, Radaeski JN, Arena MVN, Bauermann SG (2020). Atlas of pollen and plants used by bees. Consultoria Inteligente en servicios ecosistemicos, Rio Claro.

Dafni H, Lensky Y, Fahn A (1988). Flower and nectar characteristics of nine species of Labiatae and their influence on honeybee visits. Journal of Apicultural Research 27(2):103-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1988.11100788

Dar SA, Hassan GI, Padder BA, Wani AR, Parey SH (2017). Pollination and evolution of plant and insect interaction. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 6(3):304-311.

Dar SA, Wani AR, Sofi MA (2018). Diversity and abundance of insect pollinators of sweet cherry Prunus avium in Kashmir valley. Indian Journal of Entomology 80(3):725-736. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2018.00231.6

Decourtye A, Alaux C, Le Conte Y, Henry M (2019). Toward the protection of bees and pollination under global change: Present and future perspectives in a challenging applied science. Current Opinion in Insect Science 35:123-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2019.07.008

Denisow B, Strzalkowska-Abramek M, Bozek M, Jezak A (2014). Early spring nectar and pollen and insect visitor behavior in two Corydalis species (Papaveraceae). Journal of Apicultural Science 58(1):93-102. https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2014-0009

Dey D, Biswas P, Saini J, Keloth R (2022). An updated list of bee species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) found in West Bengal, India along with two new state records. Halteres 13:51-60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7970515

Diallo BO, Ouedraogo M, Chevallier MH, Joly HI, Hossaert-Mckey M, McKey YD (2014). Potential pollinators of Tamarindus indica L. (Caesalpinioideae) in Sudanian region of Burkina Faso. African Journal of Plant Science 8(12):528-536. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS12.072

Dickinson JA, McKone MJ (1992). Insect floral visitors to four species of tall-grass prairie composite (Asteraceae: Heliantheae). Prairie Naturalist 24:159-159. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/bee_lab_da/94

Dolan BJ, Kalkstein AL, Haase M, Chernisky P, Niese A, Hicks AN, Miller D (2022). Pollinator communities of planted and feral Pyrus calleryana. Ecologies 4(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies4010001

Dorin B, Colla S (2024). Observations of wild bees foraging on wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) flowers–first records and future research directions. The Journal of the Entomological Society of Ontario 155:1-9.

Dötterl S, Vereecken NJ (2010). The chemical ecology and evolution of bee-flower interactions: A review and perspectives. Canadian Journal of Zoology 88(7):668-697. https://doi.org/10.1139/Z10-031

Dover C (1921). The wasps and bees of Barkuda Island. Records of the Indian Museum 22:381.

Durak R, Materowska M, Hadley R, Oosterhuis L, Durak T, Borowiak-Sobkowiak B (2025). The role of flower strips in increasing beneficial insect biodiversity and pest control in vineyards. Sustainability 17(5):2071-1050. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052018

Durant JL (2019). Where have all the flowers gone? Honey bee declines and exclusions from floral resources. Journal of Rural Studies 65:161-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.10.007

Eisikowitch D, Ghara M (2015). An overview on Ficus pollination with some notes on Ficus carica. Italus Hortus 22(3):1-7. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1173.24

Ekström G, Ekbom B (2011). Pest control in agro-ecosystems: An ecological approach. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 30(1-2):74-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2011.554354

Ellis RA, Weis T, Suryanarayanan S, Beilin K (2020). From a free gift of nature to a precarious commodity: Bees, pollination services, and industrial agriculture. Journal of Agrarian Change 20(3):437-459. https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12360

Ewers RM, Didham RK (2006). Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation. Biological Reviews 81(1):117-142. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1464793105006949

Fenesi A, Vágási CI, Beldean M, Földesi R, Kolcsár L.P, Shapiro JT, ... Kovács-Hostyánszki A (2015). Solidago canadensis impacts on native plant and pollinator communities in different-aged old fields. Basic and Applied Ecology 16(4):335-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2015.03.003

Fernández-Pintor B, Morante-Zarcero S, Sierra I (2024). Simultaneous determination of 23 pyrrolizidine and tropane alkaloids in infusions from dry edible flowers using optimized μSPEed® microextraction prior to their analysis by UHPLC-IT-MS/MS. Foods 13(11):1740. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13111740

Ferreira PA, Boscolo D, Viana BF (2013). What do we know about the effects of landscape changes on plant-pollinator interaction networks? Ecological Indicators 31:35-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.07.025

Filazzola A, Matter SF, MacIvor JS (2021). The direct and indirect effects of extreme climate events on insects. Science of the Total Environment 769:145161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145161

Francis A, Cavers PB, Warwick SI (2009). The biology of Canadian weeds. 140. Hesperis matronalis L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89(1):191-206. https://doi.org/10.4141/CJPS08094

Frankel R, Galun E (2012). Pollination mechanisms, reproduction and plant breeding (Vol. 2). Springer Science & Business Media.

Franzén M, Stenmark M (2024). Exploring biodiversity through the lens of Knautia arvensis pollinators: Knautia pollinator walks as a monitoring method. Insects 15(8):563. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15080563

Freimuth J, Bossdorf O, Scheepens JF, Willems FM (2022). Climate warming changes synchrony of plants and pollinators. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 289:20212142. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.2142

Freitas BM, Imperatriz-Fonseca VL, Medina LM, Kleinert ADMP, Galetto L, Nates-Parra G, Quezada-Euán JJG (2009). Diversity, threats and conservation of native bees in the Neotropics. Apidologie 40(3):332-346. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009012

Frey K, LeBuhn G (2016). The bee-friendly garden: Design an abundant, flower-filled yard that nurtures bees and supports biodiversity. Ten Speed Press.

Galen C (1999). Why do flowers vary? The functional ecology of variation in flower size and form within natural plant populations. Bioscience 49(8):631-640. https://doi.org/10.2307/1313439

Garbuzov M, Ratnieks FL (2015). Using the British national collection of asters to compare the attractiveness of 228 varieties to flower-visiting insects. Environmental Entomology 44:638-646. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvv037

Garibaldi LA, Carvalheiro LG, Leonhardt SD, Aizen MA, Blaauw BR, Isaacs R, ... Winfree R (2014). From research to action: Enhancing crop yield through wild pollinators. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12(8):439-447. https://doi.org/10.1890/130330

Gaur RD, Tiwari P, Tiwari JK, Dinesh Singh R, Radha B (2014). Bee forage potential of garhwal Himalaya, India. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences 4:196-204.

Géneau CE, Wäckers FL, Luka H, Balmer O (2013). Effects of extrafloral and floral nectar of Centaurea cyanus on the parasitoid wasp Microplitis mediator: olfactory attractiveness and parasitization rates. Biological Control 66(1):16-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.02.007

Gérard M, Vanderplanck M, Wood T, Michez D (2020). Global warming and plant-pollinator mismatches. Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 4(1):77-86. https://doi.org/10.1042/ETLS20190139

Geslin B, Gauzens B, Baude M, Dajoz I, Fontaine C, Henry M, ... Vereecken NJ (2017). Massively introduced managed species and their consequences for plant-pollinator interactions. Advances in Ecological Research. 57:147-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aecr.2016.10.007

Gilgert W, Vaughan M (2011). The value of pollinators and pollinator habitat to rangelands: Connections among pollinators, insects, plant communities, fish, and wildlife. Rangelands 33(3):14-19. https://doi.org/10.2111/1551-501x-33.3.14

Gill RJ, Baldock KC, Brown MJ, Cresswell JE, Dicks LV, Fountain MT, ... Potts SG (2016). Protecting an ecosystem service: Approaches to understanding and mitigating threats to wild insect pollinators. Advances in Ecological Research 54:135-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aecr.2015.10.007

Giuliani C, Giovanetti M, Lupi D, Mesiano MP, Barilli R, Ascrizzi R, ... Fico G (2020). Tools to tie: Flower characteristics, VOC emission profile, and glandular trichomes of two Mexican Salvia species to attract bees. Plants 9(12):1645. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9121645

Glenny W, Runyon J, Burkle L (2022). Assessing pollinator friendliness of plants and designing mixes to restore habitat for bees. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-429. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station pp 54. https://doi.org/10.2737/RMRS-GTR-429

González-González JM, Bazán-Tene M, Radillo-Juárez F, Molina-Ochoa J (2004). Grafting compatibility of three varieties of Ficus (Ficus benjamina L.) grafted on the rootstock variety profit. HortScience 39(4):787C-787. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.39.4.787C

González-Teuber M, Heil M (2009). Nectar chemistry is tailored for both attractions of mutualists and protection from exploiters. Plant Signaling & Behavior 4(9):809-813. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.4.9.9393

Gorain M, Charan SK, Ahmed SI (2012). Role of insect bees in the pollination of Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce (Leguminosae, Subfamily Mimosoideae) in Rajasthan. Advances in Applied Science Research 3(6):3448-3451.

Gorb EV, Gorb SN (2024). The greasy pole syndrome in Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae): The pubescence and wax coverage on stems reduce invasion by Lasius niger ants. Plants 13(14):1932. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141932

Goulson D, Derwent LC (2004). Synergistic interactions between an exotic honeybee and an exotic weed: pollination of Lantana camara in Australia. Weed Research 44(3):195-202. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2004.00391.x

Goulson D, Nicholls E, Botías C, Rotheray EL (2015). Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers. Science 347(6229):1255957. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1255957

Goulson D, Stout JC, Hawson SA, Allen JA (1998). Floral display size in comfrey, Symphytum officinale L. (Boraginaceae): relationships with visitation by three bumblebee species and subsequent seed set. Oecologia 113(4):502-508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050402

Grass I, Albrecht J, Jauker F, Diekötter T, Warzecha D, Wolters V, Farwig N (2016). Much more than bees—Wildflower plantings support highly diverse flower-visitor communities from complex to structurally simple agricultural landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 225:45-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.04.001

Greenleaf SS, Kremen C (2006). Wild bees enhance honey bees’ pollination of hybrid sunflower. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103(37):13890-13895. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600929103

Grillo AC (2018). Flower-visiting arthropods: Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Linnaeus, 1753. Revista de Fotografia Científica Ambiental 2(1):27-33. https://doi.org/10.12957/rfca.2018.36673

Grozeva N (2011). Possibilities for providing bee pasture from nectariferous plants in Sinite Kamani Natural Park-Sliven. Trakia Journal of Sciences 9(2):1-15.

Gunawardana M, Hyde ER, Lahmeyer S, Dorsey BL, La Val TP, Mullen M, ... Baum MM (2015). Euphorbia plant latex is inhabited by diverse microbial communities. American Journal of Botany 102(12):1966-1977. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1500223

Gupta RK (2013). The leaf-cutting bee M. bicolor (Fabricus) (Insecta: Hymenoptera, Megachilidae), an important cross pollinator for many cultivated and wild crops in northern India. Journal of Environment and Bio-Sciences 27:271-276.

Gupta RK, Khan MS, Srivastava RM, Goswami V (2014). History of beekeeping in developing world. In: Beekeeping for poverty alleviation and livelihood security, Springer, Dordrecht pp 3-62.

Gustafson NW, Couture JJ, Dalgleish HJ (2023). Herbivory, plant traits and nectar chemistry interact to affect the community of insect visitors and pollination in common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca. Oecologia 201(1):91-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-022-05290-w

Halder S, Ghosh S, Khan R, Khan AA, Perween T, Hasan MA (2019). Role of pollination in fruit crops: A review. The Pharma Innovation Journal 8(5):695-702.

Harris C, Ratnieks FL (2024). Improving pollen and nectar supply by identifying the red clover (Trifolium pratense) cultivars that attract most pollinators. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 26(2):273-283. https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12613

Harrison RD, Chong KY, Pham NM, Yee AT, Yeo CK, Tan HT, Rasplus JY (2017). Pollination of Ficus elastica: India rubber re-establishes sexual reproduction in Singapore. Scientific Reports 7(1):11616. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09873-z

Hashimi MH, Hashimi R, Ryan Q (2020). Toxic effects of pesticides on humans, plants, animals, pollinators and beneficial organisms. Asian Plant Research Journal 5(4):37-47. https://doi.org/10.9734/aprj/2020/v5i430114

Hegland SJ, Nielsen A, Lázaro A, Bjerknes AL, Totland Ø (2009). How does climate warming affect plant-pollinator interactions? Ecology Letters 12(2):184-195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01269.x

Herrmann F, Westphal C, Moritz RF, Steffan-Dewenter I (2007). Genetic diversity and mass resources promote colony size and forager densities of a social bee (Bombus pascuorum) in agricultural landscapes. Molecular Ecology 16(6):1167-1178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03226.x

Hicks D (2022). Biological Flora of Britain and Ireland: Corylus avellana: No. 302. Journal of Ecology 110(12):3053-3089. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14008

Hill DS (2012). The economic importance of insects. Springer Science & Business Media.

Hill RL, Wittenberg R, Gourlay AH (2001). Biology and host range of Phytomyza vitalbae and its establishment for the biological control of Clematis vitalba in New Zealand. Biocontrol Science and Technology 11(4):459-473. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583150120067490

Hingston AB, Potts BM, McQuillan PB (2004). The swift parrot Lathamus discolor (Psittacidae), social bees (Apidae), and native insects as pollinators of Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus (Myrtaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 52(3):371-379. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT03018

Hoehn P, Tscharntke T, Tylianakis JM, Steffan-Dewenter I (2008). Functional group diversity of bee pollinators increases crop yield. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275(1648):2283-2291. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0405

Holzschuh A, Dudenhöffer JH, Tscharntke T (2012). Landscapes with wild bee habitats enhance pollination, fruit set and yield of sweet cherry. Biological Conservation 153:101-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.04.032

Honchar GY, Gnatiuk AM (2020). Urban ornamental plants for sustenance of wild bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Plant introduction (85/86):93-108. https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2020014

Hopfenmüller S, Steffan-Dewenter I, Holzschuh A (2014). Trait-specific responses of wild bee communities to landscape composition, configuration and local factors. PLOS ONE 9(8):e104439. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104439

Horth L, Campbell L, Bray R (2014). Wild bees preferentially visit Rudbeckia flower heads with exaggerated ultraviolet absorbing floral guides. Biology open 3(3):221-230. https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.20146445

Hossain MS, Yeasmin F, Rahman MM, Akhtar S, Hasnat MA (2018). Role of insect visits on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) yield. Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management 4(2):81-88. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm.v4i2.39854

Houston TF (2006). Grevillea robusta and its role in pollinator nutrition. Australian Entomologist 33(1):15-22.

Hristov P, Shumkova R, Palova N, Neov B (2020). Factors associated with honey bee colony losses: A mini-review. Veterinary Sciences 7(4):166. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040166

Huang H, Tu C, D’Odorico P (2021). Ecosystem complexity enhances the resilience of plant-pollinator systems. One Earth 4(9):1286-1296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.08.008

Hung KLJ, Kingston JM, Albrecht M, Holway DA, Kohn JR (2018). The worldwide importance of honey bees as pollinators in natural habitats. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285(1870):20172140. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2140

Hungerford NL, Zawawi N, Zhu T, Carter SJ, Melksham KJ, Fletcher MT (2024). Analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in stingless bee honey and identification of a botanical source as Ageratum conyzoides. Toxins 16(1):40. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16010040

Isaacs R, Williams N, Ellis J, Pitts-Singer TL, Bommarco R, Vaughan M (2017). Integrated crop pollination: Combining strategies to ensure stable and sustainable yields of pollination-dependent crops. Basic and Applied Ecology 22:44-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2017.07.003

Iwasaki JM, Hogendoorn K (2021). How protection of honey bees can help and hinder bee conservation. Current Opinion in Insect Science 46:112-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2021.05.005

Jabłoński B, Kołtowski Z (2005). Nectar secretion and honey potential of honey plants growing under Poland’s conditions. Journal of Apicultural Science 49(1):59-63.

Jacquemart AL (2007). Methods for determining compatibility and pollinator efficiency in temperate fruit species. Fruit, Vegetable and Cereal Science and Biotechnology 1(1):26-38.

Jakobsson A, Padrón, B, Ågren J (2015). Distance-dependent effects of invasive Lupinus polyphyllus on pollination and reproductive success of two native herbs. Basic and Applied Ecology 16(2):120-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2014.12.005

Jayanthi J (2023). An inventory of endemic and near endemic angiosperm flora of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve, peninsular India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 15(2):22695-22717. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8090.15.2.22695-22717

Jervis MA, Tena A, Heimpel GE (2023). Phytophagy. In: Jervis’s Insects as Natural Enemies: Practical Perspectives, Cham: Springer International Publishing pp 669-704.

Jha S (2015). Contemporary human-altered landscapes and oceanic barriers reduce bumble bee gene flow. Molecular Ecology 24(5):993-1006. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13090

Jiménez‐Lobato V, Martínez‐Borda E, Núñez‐Farfán J, Valverde PL, Cruz LL, López‐Velázquez A, ... Arroyo J (2018). Changes in floral biology and inbreeding depression in native and invaded regions of Datura stramonium. Plant Biology 20:214-223. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12658

Joedecke V, Stier H, Ruttensperger U (2021). Evaluation of pollinator friendliness of an ornamental aromatic planting concept. Acta Horticulturae 1327:329-334. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2021.1327.44

Jogesh T, Overson RP, Raguso RA, Skogen KA (2017). Herbivory as an important selective force in the evolution of floral traits and pollinator shifts. AoB Plants 9(1):plw088. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plw088

Johnson LM, Galloway LF (2008). From horticultural plantings into wild populations: movement of pollen and genes in Lobelia cardinalis. Plant Ecology 197(1):55-67.

Jolls CL (2003). Populations of and threats to rare plants of the herb layer: more challenges and opportunities for conservation biologists. The herbaceous layer in forests of eastern North America. Oxford University Press, New York 105-159. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199837656.003.0006

Junker RR, Parachnowitsch AL (2015). Working towards a holistic view on flower traits—how floral scents mediate plant-animal interactions in concert with other floral characters. Journal of the Indian Institute of Science 95(1):43-68.

Junqueira CN, Hogendoorn K, Augusto SC (2012). The use of trap-nests to manage carpenter bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopini), pollinators of passion fruit (Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 105(6):884-889. https://doi.org/10.1603/AN12061

Kachhawa G, Charan SK, Choudhary R (2020). Diversity and pollination probability of insect pollinators of Tagetes Erecta L. in the Chomu Tehsil, Rajasthan, India. International Journal of Entomology Research 5(6):106-110.

Kaiser-Bunbury CN, Mougal J, Whittington AE, Valentin T, Gabriel R, Olesen JM, Blüthgen N (2017). Ecosystem restoration strengthens pollination network resilience and function. Nature 542(7640):223-227. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21071

Kalinganire A, Harwood CE, Slee MU, Simons AJ (2001). Pollination and fruit‐set of Grevillea robusta in western Kenya. Austral Ecology 26(6):637-648. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2001.01139.x

Kamaruddin F, Zalipah MN (2020). Observation of flower visitors to determine their potential role as pollinators of Ixora coccinae and Ruellia simplex. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Journal of Undergraduate Research 2(1):61-70. https://doi.org/10.46754/umtjur.v2i1.106

Kanduth L, Chartier M, Schönenberger J, Dellinger AS (2021). Red and white clover provide food resources for honeybees and wild bees in urban environments. Nordic Journal of Botany 39(3):1-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.03005

Karamaouna F, Kati V, Volakakis N, Varikou K, Garantonakis N, Economou L, ... Edwards M (2019). Ground cover management with mixtures of flowering plants to enhance insect pollinators and natural enemies of pests in olive groves. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 274:76-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.01.004

Kearns CA, Inouye DW (1997). Pollinators, flowering plants, and conservation biology. Bioscience 47(5):297-307. https://doi.org/10.2307/1313191

Kearns CA, Inouye DW, Waser NM (1998). Endangered mutualisms: The conservation of plant-pollinator interactions. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29(1):83-112. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.83

Kelemen EP, Rehan SM (2021). Conservation insights from wild bee genetic studies: Geographic differences, susceptibility to inbreeding, and signs of local adaptation. Evolutionary Applications 14(6):1485-1496. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13221

Kendall LK, Evans LJ, Gee M, Smith TJ, Gagic V, Lobaton JD, … Rader R (2021). The effect of protective covers on pollinator health and pollination service delivery. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 319:107556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107556

Kevan PG (2001). Pollination: A plinth, pedestal, and pillar for terrestrial productivity. The why, how, and where of pollination protection, conservation, and promotion. In: Bees and Crop Pollination: Crisis, Crossroads, Conservation, Entomological Society of America.

Kevan PG, Baker HG (1983). Insects as flower visitors and pollinators. Annual Review of Entomology 28(1):407-453. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.28.010183.002203

Kevan PG, Viana BF (2003). The global decline of pollination services. Biodiversity 4(4):3-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2003.9712703

Khajoei Nasab F, Mehrabian AR, Chakerhosseini M, Biglary N (2024). Climate change causes the displacement and shrinking of the optimal habitats of nectar-producing species of Nepeta in Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 155(1):49-260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-023-04629-4

Khalifa SA, Elshafiey EH, Shetaia AA, El-Wahed AAA, Algethami AF, Musharraf SG, et al. (2021). Overview of bee pollination and its economic value for crop production. Insects 12(8):688. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12080688

Kitivo EN (2019). Effects of agroecosystem land use on the diversity, abundance, and ecosystem functions of insect pollinators of passion (Passiflora edulis) crop. Doctoral dissertation. School of Environment, Water and Natural Resources of South Eastern Kenya University.

Klein AM, Boreux V, Fornoff F, Mupepele AC, Pufal G (2018). Relevance of wild and managed bees for human well-being. Current Opinion in Insect Science 26:82-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2018.02.011

Klein AM, Vaissière BE, Cane JH, Steffan-Dewenter I, Cunningham SA, Kremen C, Tscharntke T (2007). Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274(1608):303-313. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3721

Kline O, Joshi NK (2020). Mitigating the effects of habitat loss on solitary bees in agricultural ecosystems. Agriculture 10(4):115. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040115

Kluser S, Neumann P, Chauzat MP, Pettis JS, Peduzzi P, Witt R, et al. (2010). Global honey bee colony disorders and other threats to insect pollinators. UNEP Emerging Issues 1-16.

Kostryco M, Chwil M (2022). Nectar abundance and nectar composition in selected Rubus idaeus L. varieties. Agriculture 12(8):1132. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081132

Kozuharova EK (2018). The flora of Kaliakra Nature Reserve with regard to its pollinators. Phytologia Balcanica 24(3):369-379.

Kratochwil A, Beil M, Schwabe A (2009). Complex structure of pollinator-plant interaction-webs: Random, nested, with gradients or modules? Apidologie 40(6):634-650. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009062

Kremen C, Merenlender AM (2018). Landscapes that work for biodiversity and people. Science 362(6412). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau6020

Kricsfalusy V (2016). Variations in the life cycle of Anemone patens L. (Ranunculaceae) in wild populations of Canada. Plants 5(3):29. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants5030029

Kritasampan K, Milne JR, Srikosamatara S, Jitklang S, Jeratthitikul E (2016) Flower-visiting Arthropods of the Invasive Weed, Lantana camara L. Tropical Natural History 16(1):7-19. https://doi.org/10.58837/tnh.16.1.103070

Kudo G, Cooper EJ (2019). When spring ephemerals fail to meet pollinators: Mechanism of phenological mismatch and its impact on plant reproduction. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 286(1904):20190573. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0573

Kulloli SK, Chandore AN, Aitawade MM (2011). Nectar dynamics and pollination studies in three species of Lamiaceae. Current Science 100(4):509-516.

Kumari P, Kumar NR, Sidhu AK, Chandra K (2018). Taxonomical and behavioural studies on Megachile conjuncta (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Cressoniella). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 6(5):2198-2201.

Kumari P, Rana S, Bhargava B, Reddy SE (2023). Diversity, abundance and impact of insect visitors in Litchi chinensis production. Agronomy 13(2):298. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020298

Kumari S, Khan MS, Kumar G (2024). Assessing the Impact of Trap Nests on Megachile Bee Population in Mung Bean. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 30(7):854-861. https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i72195

Kuppler J, Neumüller U, Mayr AV, Hopfenmüller S, Weiss K, Prosi R, ... Burger H (2023). Favourite plants of wild bees. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 342:108266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108266

Labandeira CC (1998). Early history of arthropod and vascular plant associations. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 26:329-377. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.26.1.329

Labandeira CC (2002). The history of associations between plants and animals. Plant–animal interactions: an evolutionary approach. In: Herrera C, Pellmyr O (Eds). Oxford, U.K., Blackwell Science 248-261. http://hdl.handle.net/10088/5958

Labandeira CC (2010). The pollination of mid Mesozoic seed plants and the early history of long-proboscid insects1, 2, 3. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 97(4):469-513. https://doi.org/10.3417/2010037

Lasso E, Naranjo ME (2003). Effect of pollinators and nectar robbers on nectar production and pollen deposition in Hamelia patens (Rubiaceae). Biotropica 35(1):57-66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2003.tb00262.x

Latty T, Dakos V (2019). The risk of threshold responses, tipping points, and cascading failures in pollination systems. Biodiversity and Conservation 28(13):3389-3406. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-019-01844-2

Layek U, Das N, Mondal R, Karmakar P (2023). Distribution, nesting biology, and floral preference of giant honeybee (Apis dorsata Fabricius) in Southern West Bengal, India. In: Role of Giant Honeybees in Natural and Agricultural Systems, CRC Press, pp 305-323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003294078-21

Layek U, Karmakar P (2020). Distribution, nesting biology and floral resources of red dwarf honey bee (Apis florea Fabricius) in West Bengal, India. In: The Future Role of Dwarf Honey Bees in Natural and Agricultural Systems, CRC Press pp 301-309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003033936-23

Layek U, Kundu A, Bisui S, Karmakar P (2021). Impact of managed stingless bee and western honey bee colonies on native pollinators and yield of watermelon: A comparative study. Annals of Agricultural Sciences 66(1):38-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2021.02.004

Le Conte Y, Navajas M (2008). Climate change: impact on honey bee populations and diseases. Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International des Epizooties 27(2):499-510.

Leoni V, Panseri S, Giupponi L, Loni A, Gianoncelli C, Giorgi A (2025). Exploring the beekeeping potential of Sanguisorba dodecandra Moretti: insect visitation, open pollination efficiency, and volatile profiles of honey and flowers. Plant Ecology 226(1):11-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-024-01468-9

Lerch D, Blüthgen N, Mody K (2024). Home sweet home: Evaluation of native versus exotic plants as resources for insects in urban green spaces. Ecological Solutions and Evidence 5(3):e12380. https://doi.org/10.1002/2688-8319.12380

Liao S, Lin H, Wang J, Wang Q, Wei H, Chen H (2024). Effects of different Ficus feeding experiences on host preference of Perina nuda larvae (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 117(1):209-217. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toad229

Lindemann-Matthies P, Mulyk L, Remmele M (2021). Garden plants for wild bees–Laypersons’ assessment of their suitability and opinions on gardening approaches. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 62:127181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127181

Linder CR (2000). Adaptive evolution of seed oils in plants: accounting for the biogeographic distribution of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in seed oils. The American Naturalist 156:442-458. https://doi.org/10.1086/303399

López-Guillén G, Gómez-Ruiz J, Barrera JF (2020). Arthropod pests and their management, natural enemies and flora visitors associated with castor (Ricinus communis), a biofuel plant: a review. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 46(1):e8604. http://doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v46i1.8604

Lughadha EN, Proença C (1996). A survey of the reproductive biology of the Myrtoideae (Myrtaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 480-503. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399990

Macior LW (1971). Co‐evolution of plants and animals—systematic insights from plant‐insect interactions. Taxon 20(1):17-28. https://doi.org/10.2307/1218530

Macior LW (1986). Pollination ecology and endemic adaptation of Pedicularis howellii Gray (Scrophulariaceae). Plant Species Biology 1(2):163-172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.1986.tb00024.x

MacIvor JS, Ruttan A, Salehi B (2015). Exotics on exotics: Pollen analysis of urban bees visiting Sedum on a green roof. Urban Ecosystems 18(2):419-430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-014-0408-6

Madeira F, Lumbierres B, Pons X (2022). Contribution of surrounding flowering plants to reduce abundance of Aphis nerii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Oleanders (Nerium oleander L.). Horticulturae 8(11):1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111038

Maghni N, Rais L, Saidi M, Javier Ortiz-Sánchez F (2025). Pollinator diversity and their role in boosting cucumber and melon yields in Khenchela. Entomologia Hellenica 34(1):83.

Mahale MB (2019). Potential of weeds/wild plants as bee flora with relation to agriculture and forestry. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 6(2):665-670.

Majewska AA, Altizer S (2020). Planting gardens to support insect pollinators. Conservation Biology 34(1):15-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13271

Majumder B, Rameshkumar A, Kazmi SI (2020). Bees of grasses, Lipotriches Gerstaecker, Sweat bees, Steganomus Ritsema, and Crocisaspidia Ashmead (Halictidae: Nomiinae), with new distribution report from Indian states. Journal of Entomological Research 44(4):589-593. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-4576.2020.00098.5

Malcolm SB (2018). Anthropogenic impacts on mortality and population viability of the monarch butterfly. Annual Review of Entomology 63(1):277-302. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043241

Mallinger RE, Bradshaw J, Varenhorst AJ, Prasifka JR (2019). Native solitary bees provide economically significant pollination services to confection sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L) (Asterales: Asteraceae) grown across the Northern Great Plains. Journal of Economic Entomology 112(1):40-48. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy322

Mallinger RE, Gratton C (2015). Species richness of wild bees, but not the use of managed honey bees, increases fruit set of a pollinator-dependent crop. Journal of Applied Ecology 52(2):323-330. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12377

Mamoudou J, Topé SF, Basga E, Fohouo FNT (2021). Pollination efficiency of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on Solanum nigrum (Solanaceae) at Meskine (Maroua, Cameroon). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15(3):1073-1089. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i3.18

Marisa H, Salni S (2012). Red wood (Pterocarpus indicus wild) and bread fruit (Artocarpus communis) bark sap as attractant of stingless bee (Trigona spp). Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 8(2):111-114. https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v8n2.132

Masehela TS (2017). An assessment of different beekeeping practices in South Africa based on their needs (bee forage use), services (pollination services) and threats (hive theft and vandalism). Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17985.66400

Matteson KC, Langellotto GA (2011). Small scale additions of native plants fail to increase beneficial insect richness in urban gardens. Insect Conservation and Diversity 4(2):89-98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2010.00103.x

Michener CD (2000). The Bees of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.

Miller-Struttmann NE, Heise D, Schul J, Geib JC, Galen C (2017). Flight of the bumble bee: Buzzes predict pollination services. PLOS ONE 12(6):e0179273. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179273

Minnaar C, Anderson B (2019). Using quantum dots as pollen labels to track the fates of individual pollen grains. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 10(5):604-614. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13155

Molano-Flores B (2002). Pollination biology and flower visitors of the gynodioecious species Lobelia spicata Lam. (Campanulaceae). Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 129:187-193. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088769

Montoya D, Yallop ML, Memmott J (2015). Functional group diversity increases with modularity in complex food webs. Nature Communications 6(1):7379. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8379

Mooney H, Larigauderie A, Cesario M, Elmquist T, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Lavorel S, ... Yahara T (2009). Biodiversity, climate change, and ecosystem services. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 1(1):46-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2009.07.006

Moroń D, Skórka P, Lenda M, Kajzer-Bonk J, Mielczarek Ł, Rożej-Pabijan E, Wantuch M (2019). Linear and non-linear effects of goldenrod invasions on native pollinator and plant populations. Biological Invasions 21:947-960. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-018-1874-1

Moughan J, McGinn KJ, Jones L, Rich TC, Waters E, de Vere N (2021). Biological flora of the British Isles: Salvia pratensis. Journal of Ecology 109(12):4171-4190. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13805

Msukwa VJ, Munthali CR, Nyoka BI, Missanjo E, Muchugi A, Okia C, ... Jenya H (2019). Mating system among provenances of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. International Journal of Forestry Research 8681238. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8681238

Muraleekrishnan K, Viswanath SC, Hrideek TK (2024). Reproductive biology of Senna spectabilis (DC.) HS Irwin & Barneby (Fabaceae)-an invasive tree species in the tropical forests of the Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 16(5):25198-25208. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8534.16.5.25198-25208

Murray TE, Kuhlmann M, Potts SG (2009). Conservation ecology of bees: populations, species and communities. Apidologie 40(3):211-236. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009015

Nadel H, Frank JH, Knight Jr RJ (1992). Escapees and accomplices: the naturalization of exotic Ficus and their associated faunas in Florida. Florida Entomologist 29-38. https://doi.org/10.2307/3495478

Narjes ME, Lippert C (2019). The optimal supply of crop pollination and honey from wild and managed bees: An analytical framework for diverse socio-economic and ecological settings. Ecological Economics 157:278-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.11.018

Nayab N, Alam MA (2023). Negative effects of pollen drought stress on floral volatiles, floral nectar, pollinator behavior, and seed production in Ocimum basilicum plants. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 18(2):41-62. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpp.v18i2.1

Negi GC, Sharma S, Vishvakarma SC, Samant SS, Maikhuri RK, Prasad RC, Palni LM (2019). Ecology and use of Lantana camara in India. The Botanical Review 85(2):109-130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-019-09209-8

Negre-Zakharov F, Long MC, Dudareva N (2009). Floral scents and fruit aromas inspired by nature. In: Osbourn AE, Lanzotti V (Eds). Plant-Derived Natural Products: Synthesis, Function, and Application. Springer, New York pp 405-431.

Neov B, Georgieva A, Shumkova R, Radoslavov G, Hristov P (2019). Biotic and abiotic factors associated with colony mortalities of managed honey bee (Apis mellifera). Diversity 11(12):237. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11120237

Nepi M, Calabrese D, Guarnieri M, Giordano E (2021). Evolutionary and ecological considerations on nectar-mediated tripartite interactions in angiosperms and their relevance in the Mediterranean basin. Plants 10(3):507. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10030507

Nestby RD (2020). The status of Prunus padus L. (bird cherry) in forest communities throughout Europe and Asia. Forests 11(5):497. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11050497

NG WS, Mohd-Azlan J, Wong SY (2020). Floral biology and pollination strategy of Durio (Malvaceae) in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 21(12):5579-5594. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d211203

Nicholls CI, Altieri MA (2013). Plant biodiversity enhances bees and other insect pollinators in agroecosystems: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 33:257-274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-012-0092-y

Nicholls E, Hempel de Ibarra N (2017). Assessment of pollen rewards by foraging bees. Functional Ecology 31(1):76-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12778

Nichols RN, Goulson D, Holland JM (2019). The best wildflowers for wild bees. Journal of Insect Conservation 23(5):819-830. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-019-00180-8

Nicolson SW (2007). Nectar consumers. In: Nicolson SW, Nepi M, Pacini E (Eds). Nectaries and Nectar. Springer, Dordrecht pp 289-342.

Nxumalo F (2018). Stories for living on a damaged planet: Environmental education in a preschool classroom. Journal of Early Childhood Research 16(2):148-159. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X17715499

Oppenheimer RL, Lill JT (2021). A plant-bee visitation network for Plummers Island, MD. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 123(2):365-381. https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.123.2.365

Oraon S, Pal S, Mondal S (2023). Bees: Potent pollinators of Leucas nutans (Lamiaceae). Arthropod-Plant Interactions 17(5):571-580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-023-09977-6

Ostaff DP, Mosseler A, Johns RC, Javorek S, Klymko J, Ascher JS (2015). Willows (Salix spp.) as pollen and nectar sources for sustaining fruit and berry pollinating insects. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 95(3):505-516. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2014-339

Osterman J, Aizen MA, Biesmeijer JC, Bosch J, Howlett BG, Inouye DW, … Paxton RJ (2021). Global trends in the number and diversity of managed pollinator species. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 322:107653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107653

Pacini E, Nepi M (2007). Nectar production and presentation. In: Nectaries and nectar. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands pp 167-214. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5937-7_4

Papiorek S, Junker RR, Alves‐dos‐Santos I, Melo GA, Amaral‐Neto LP, Sazima M, … Lunau K (2016). Bees, birds and yellow flowers: Pollinator‐dependent convergent evolution of UV patterns. Plant Biology 18(1):46-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12322

Pardee GL, Philpott SM (2014). Native plants are the bee’s knees: Local and landscape predictors of bee richness and abundance in backyard gardens. Urban Ecosystems 17:641-659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-014-0349-0

Park MG, Blitzer EJ, Gibbs J, Losey JE, Danforth BN (2015). Negative effects of pesticides on wild bee communities can be buffered by landscape context. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282(1809):20150299. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0299

Parveen N, Miglani R, Kumar A, Dewali S, Kumar K, Sharma N, Bisht SS (2022). Honey bee pathogenesis posing threat to its global population: A short review. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy 88(1):11-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43538-022-00062-9

Pașca C, Matei IA, Diaconeasa Z, Rotaru A, Erler S, Dezmirean DS (2021). Biologically active extracts from different medicinal plants tested as potential additives against bee pathogens. Antibiotics 10(8):960. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10080960

Patir J, Boruah BB, Umbrey C, Tacha K, Taid R, Das AP, Gogoi H (2024). Choice of forage plants by the giant honey bee Apis laboriosa Smith in a captive condition outside their native geographic range. Journal of Apicultural Research 63(5):1145-1153. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2023.2216911

Paton DC, Turner V (1985). Pollination of Banksia ericifolia Smith: birds, mammals and insects as pollen vectors. Australian Journal of Botany 33(3):271-286.

Patrício-Roberto G. B, Campos MJ (2014). Aspects of landscape and pollinators—What is important to bee conservation? Diversity 6(1):158-175. https://doi.org/10.3390/d6010158

Patt JM, Hamilton GC, Lashomb JH (1997). Foraging success of parasitoid wasps on flowers: interplay of insect morphology, floral architecture and searching behavior. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 83(1):21-30. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.1997.00153.x

Patt JM, Rohrig E (2017). Laboratory evaluations of the foraging success of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on flowers and extrafloral nectaries: potential use of nectar plants for conservation biological control of Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae). Florida Entomologist 100(1):149-156. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.100.0121

Paudel YP, Mackereth R, Hanley R, Qin W (2015). Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) and pollination issues: Current status, impacts, and potential drivers of decline. Journal of Agricultural Science 7(6):93. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v7n6p93

Pauw A, Kahnt B, Kuhlmann M, Michez D, Montgomery GA, Murray E, Danforth BN (2017). Long-legged bees make adaptive leaps: Linking adaptation to coevolution in a plant-pollinator network. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284(1862):20171707. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1707

Pearce AM, O’neill KM, Miller RS, Blodgett S (2012). Diversity of flower-visiting bees and their pollen loads on a wildflower seed farm in Montana. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 85(2):97-108. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41681230

Pecl GT, Araújo MB, Bell JD, Blanchard J, Bonebrake TC, Chen IC, ... Williams SE (2017). Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being. Science 355(6332):eaai9214. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aai9214

Pekkarinen A (1997). Oligolectic bee species in northern Europe (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Entomologica Fennica 8(4):205-214. https://doi.org/10.33338/ef.83945

Pemberton RW (2023). Plant resource use and pattern of usage by the naturalized orchid bee (Euglossa dilemma: Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Florida. Insects 14(12):909. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14120909

Peralta G, Stevani EL, Chacoff NP, Dorado J, Vázquez DP (2017). Fire influences the structure of plant-bee networks. Journal of Animal Ecology 86(6):1372-1379. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12731

Pérez-Bañón C, Petanidou T, Marcos-García MÁ (2007). Pollination in small islands by occasional visitors: the case of Daucus carota subsp. commutatus (Apiaceae) in the Columbretes archipelago, Spain. Plant Ecology 192(1):133-151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-006-9233-1

Perfecto I, Rice RA, Greenberg R, Van der Voort ME (1996). Shade coffee: A disappearing refuge for biodiversity: shade coffee plantations can contain as much biodiversity as forest habitats. BioScience 46(8):598-608. https://doi.org/10.2307/1312989

Piiroinen S, Goulson D (2016). Chronic neonicotinoid pesticide exposure and parasite stress differentially affects learning in honeybees and bumblebees. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283(1828):20160246. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0246

Pinke G, Kapcsándi V, Czúcz B (2022). Iconic arable weeds: The significance of corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas), cornflower (Centaurea cyanus), and field larkspur (Delphinium consolida) in Hungarian ethnobotanical and cultural heritage. Plants 12(1):84. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010084

Pleasants JM (1980). Competition for bumblebee pollinators in Rocky Mountain plant communities. Ecology 61(6):1446-1459. https://doi.org/10.2307/1939053

Potter C, De Vere N, Jones LE, Ford CR, Hegarty MJ, Hodder KH, ... Franklin EL (2019). Pollen metabarcoding reveals broad and species-specific resource use by urban bees. PeerJ 7:e5999. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5999

Potts SG, Biesmeijer JC, Kremen C, Neumann P, Schweiger O, Kunin WE (2010). Global pollinator declines: Trends, impacts and drivers. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 25(6):345-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007

Potts SG, Ngo HT, Biesmeijer JC, Breeze TD, Dicks LV, Garibaldi LA, ... Vanbergen AJ (2016). The assessment report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on pollinators, pollination and food production. Bonn, Germany, Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services pp 556. https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/519227

Potts SG, Vulliamy B, Dafni A, Ne’eman G, O'Toole C, Roberts S, Willmer P (2003). Response of plant-pollinator communities to fire: Changes in diversity, abundance and floral reward structure. Oikos 101(1):103-112. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12186.x

Prendergast KS, Dixon KW, Bateman PW (2022). A global review of determinants of native bee assemblages in urbanised landscapes. Insect Conservation and Diversity 15(4):385-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12569

Proesmans W, Albrecht M, Gajda A, Neumann P, Paxton RJ, Pioz M, ... Vanbergen AJ (2021). Pathways for novel epidemiology: Plant-pollinator-pathogen networks and global change. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 36(7):623-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2021.03.006

Ptaszyńska AA, Załuski D (2020). Extracts from Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim. roots: A new hope against honeybee death caused by nosemosis. Molecules 25(19):4452. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194452

Purvis EE, Best LR, Galpern P (2021). Identifying key forage plants to support wild bee diversity and a species at risk in the Prairie Pothole Region. Insect Conservation and Diversity 14(6):851-861. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12524

Rahmatullah S, Juhari MAAA, Jaapar MF, Mohamad B, Samion MN (2025). Melissopalynological Analysis and Plant Preferences of Stingless Bee, Heterotrigona itama (Hymenoptera: Apidae) at The Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (Mardi), Serdang. Malaysian Applied Biology 54(2):65-73. https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v54i2.3364

Raine NE, Ings TC, Dornhaus A, Saleh N, Chittka L (2006). Adaptation, genetic drift, pleiotropy, and history in the evolution of bee foraging behavior. Advances in the Study of Behavior 36:305-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3454(06)36007-X

Rajkumar MB, Dey D (2016). Identification and description of Indian parasitic bee genus Sphecodes Latreille 1804, (Halictidae: Hymenoptera). Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8(4):1839-1849. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i4.1051

Raju AJ, Rani DS (2016). Pollination ecology of Sida acuta, S. cordata and S. cordifolia (Malvaceae). Phytologia Balcanica 22(3):363-376.

Raju AS, Rao SP (2006). Nesting habits, floral resources and foraging ecology of large carpenter bees (Xylocopa latipes and Xylocopa pubescens) in India. Current Science 10:1210-1217.

Ramírez W (1970). Host specificity of fig wasps (Agaonidae). Evolution 24:680-691. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1970.tb01804.x

Rani TS, Raju AJS (2021). Reproductive ecology of Tephrosia purpurea and T. villosa (Fabaceae). Phytologia Balcanica 27(2):167-185.

Rao CB (2020). Carpenter bee pollination in the purple orchid tree, Bauhinia purpurea L. (sub-family Cercidoideae: Family Fabaceae). Species 21:244-248.

Rasplus JY, Aumeeruddy-Thomas Y, Cruaud A, Kjellberg F, Rafidison VM, Mckey D, Hossaert-Mckey M (2022). Figs of Madagascar, their wasps, their frugivores, their importance for humans. The New Natural History of Madagascar. Princeton University Press pp 617-634.

Redmond CM, Stout JC (2018). Breeding system and pollination ecology of a potentially invasive alien Clematis vitalba L. in Ireland. Journal of Plant Ecology 11(1):56-63. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtw137

Rehman A, Farooq M, Lee DJ, Siddique KH (2022). Sustainable agricultural practices for food security and ecosystem services. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29(56):84076-84095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23635-z

Renner SS, Zohner CM (2018). Climate change and phenological mismatch in trophic interactions among plants, insects, and vertebrates. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 49(1):165-182. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062535

Rice RP, Baird S, Gatlin L (1999). Reflective mulches and yellow sticky tape control whiteflies in greenhouse poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima). HortScience 34(3):442E-442. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.34.3.442E

Rijal SP, Thapa RB, Sharma MD, Sah SK, GC YD (2018). Bee floral calendar of cultivated and wild plants available in different agroecosytems of Chitwan, Nepal. International Journal of Research-Granthaalayah 6(11):222-245. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i11.2018.1121

Rosatti TJ (1986). The genera of Sphenocleaceae and Campanulaceae in the southeastern United States. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 67(1):1-64. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.27388

Rosenthal GA, Berenbaum MR (2012). Herbivores: Their interactions with secondary plant metabolites: Ecological and evolutionary processes (Vol. 2), Academic Press.

Rossi M, Fisogni A, Nepi M, Quaranta M, Galloni M (2014). Bouncy versus idles: On the different role of pollinators in the generalist Gentiana lutea L. Flora-Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 209(3-4):164-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2014.02.002

Roubik DW, Roubik DW (1992). Ecology and natural history of tropical bees. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511574641

Roulston TAH, Goodell K (2011). The role of resources and risks in regulating wild bee populations. Annual Review of Entomology 56(1):293-312. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144802

Sahu B (2022). Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh).

Saini J, Chandra K, Kumar H, Ghosh DJ, Kazmi SI, Payra A, Deepak CK (2018). Diversity of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in and around Namdapha national park, with an updated checklist from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 118:413-425. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v118/i4/2018/122129

Saini J, Chandra K, Kumar H, Hooda S (2021). Two new species of genus Elaphropoda lieftinck, 1966 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Apidae: Apinae: Anthophorini) from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Entomological Research 45(4):765-768. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-4576.2021.00123.7

Sajjad A, Saeed S, Bashir MA (2012). Spatial variation in pollinator communities and reproductive performance of Prosopis juliflora (Fabaceae). Journal of Pollination Ecology 8:59-66. https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2012)8

Sánchez LA, Picado A, Sommeijer MJ, Slaa EJ (2002). Floral biology, pollination ecology and seed production of the ornamental plant Salvia splendens Sello. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 77(4):498-501. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2002.11511529

Sandrock C, Tanadini M, Tanadini LG, Fauser-Misslin A, Potts SG, Neumann P (2014). Impact of chronic neonicotinoid exposure on honeybee colony performance and queen supersedure. PLOS ONE 9(8):e103592. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103592

Saravia-Nava A, Benitez-Vieyra S, Urquizo ON, Niemeyer HM, Pinto CF (2023). Pollination systems and nectar rewards in four Andean species of Salvia (Lamiaceae). Botany 101(4):112-121. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0091

Sardar S, Kasparek M, Rameshkumar A, Kazmi SI (2022). Four species of Anthidiine bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae) new to India. The Canadian Entomologist 154(1):e7. https://doi.org/10.4039/tce.2021.55

Sardar S, Warrit N, Rameshkumar A, Kazmi SI (2021). New distributional records of Megachile Latreille, 1802 (Apoidea: Megachilidae) from Indian States. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 121:23-29. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v121/i1/2021/154515

Schweiger O, Biesmeijer JC, Bommarco R, Hickler T, Hulme PE, Klotz S, ... Settele J (2010). Multiple stressors on biotic interactions: How climate change and alien species interact to affect pollination. Biological Reviews 85(4):777-795. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00125.x

Senapathi D, Biesmeijer JC, Breeze TD, Kleijn D, Potts SG, Carvalheiro LG (2015). Pollinator conservation—the difference between managing for pollination services and preserving pollinator diversity. Current Opinion in Insect Science 12:93-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2015.11.002

Senapathi D, Goddard MA, Kunin WE, Baldock KC (2017). Landscape impacts on pollinator communities in temperate systems: Evidence and knowledge gaps. Functional Ecology 31(1):26-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12809

Settele J, Bishop J, Potts SG (2016). Climate change impacts on pollination. Nature Plants 2(7):1-3. https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2016.92

Sevenello M, Sargent RD, Forrest JR (2020). Spring wildflower phenology and pollinator activity respond similarly to climatic variation in an eastern hardwood forest. Oecologia 193(2):475-488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-020-04670-4

Seymour C, Joseph G (2019). Ecology of smaller animals associated with savanna woody plants: The value of the finer details. In: Savanna Woody Plants and Large Herbivores pp 181-211. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119081111.ch7

Seymoure BM (2016). Heliconius in a new light: The effects of light environments on mimetic coloration, behavior, and visual systems. Arizona State University.

Shackelford G, Steward PR, Benton TG, Kunin WE, Potts SG, Biesmeijer JC, Sait SM (2013). Comparison of pollinators and natural enemies: A meta‐analysis of landscape and local effects on abundance and richness in crops. Biological Reviews 88(4):1002-1021. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12040

Shackleton K, Balfour NJ, Al Toufailia H, Gaioski Jr R, de Matos Barbosa M, Silva CADS, ... Ratnieks FL (2016). Quality versus quantity: Foraging decisions in the honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata) feeding on wildflower nectar and fruit juice. Ecology and Evolution 6(19):7156-7165. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2478

Shah H, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Farah MA, Ahmad S, Ullah A, ... Elshikh MS (2024). Pollen morphology and its taxonomic significance in the genus Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae), from northern Pakistan: Insights for honeybees‐plant interactions. Entomological Research 54(11):e70000. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.70000

Shakeel M, Ali H, Ahmad S, Said F, Khan KA, Bashir MA, ... Ali H (2019). Insect pollinators diversity and abundance in Eruca sativa Mill. (Arugula) and Brassica rapa L. (Field mustard) crops. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 26(7):1704-1709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.08.012

Sheffield CS, Kevan PG, Smith RF (2003). Bee species of Nova Scotia, Canada, with new records and notes on bionomics and floral relations (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 76:357-384.

Shishira D, Uthappa AR, Chavan SB, Kuberappa GC, Jinger D, Sringeswara AN (2024). Pollen diversity in urban honey: implications for bee foraging behaviour and urban green space planning. Urban Ecosystems 27(6):2487-2500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-024-01607-0

Shivashankara RM, Subbanna ARNS, Kumar J, More SP (2016). Diversity of insect pollinators and foraging behavior of native honey bees on coriander. Environment and Ecology 34(4):1315-1319.

Simpson DT, Weinman LR, Genung MA, Roswell M, MacLeod M, Winfree R (2022). Many bee species, including rare species, are important for function of entire plant-pollinator networks. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 289(1972):20212689. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.2689

Singh NS, Sharma R, Parween T, Patanjali PK (2018). Pesticide contamination and human health risk factor. In: Oves M, Zain Khan M, MI Ismail I (Eds). Modern Age Environmental Problems and their Remediation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64501-8_3

Singh R, Levitt AL, Rajotte EG, Holmes EC, Ostiguy N, Vanengelsdorp D, ... Cox-Foster DL (2010). RNA viruses in hymenopteran pollinators: evidence of inter-taxa virus transmission via pollen and potential impact on non-Apis hymenopteran species. PLOS ONE 5(12):e14357. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014357

Smith GF (2025). Breeding Kalanchoes (Kalanchoe spp.) for Landscaping: Current Initiatives and Prospects. In: Breeding of Ornamental Crops: Potted Plants and Shrubs, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland pp 91-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80060-3_4

Smith MR, Mueller ND, Springmann M, Sulser TB, Garibaldi LA, Gerber J, ... Myers SS (2022). Pollinator deficits, food consumption, and consequences for human health: A modelling study. Environmental Health Perspectives 130(12):127003. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp10947

Soroka J, Otani J (2011). Arthropods of legume forage crops. Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands 2:239-264.

Sowiński J, Adamczewska-Sowińska K (2022). Forage legumes for human, animals, and environment. In: Advances in legumes for sustainable intensification, Academic Press pp 205-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85797-0.00021-5

Spruce DB, Thrasher T (Eds.) (2009). The land has memory: Indigenous knowledge, native landscapes, and the National Museum of the American Indian. University of North Carolina Press.

Staab M, Pereira-Peixoto MH, Klein AM (2020). Exotic garden plants partly substitute for native plants as resources for pollinators when native plants become seasonally scarce. Oecologia 194(3):465-480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-020-04785-8

Stobbs LW, Greig N, Weaver S, Shipp L, Ferguson G (2009). The potential role of native weed species and bumble bees (Bombus impatiens) on the epidemiology of Pepino mosaic virus. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 31(2):254-261. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060660909507599

Stone GN, Raine NE, Prescott M, Willmer PG (2003). Pollination ecology of acacias (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae). Australian Systematic Botany 16(1):103-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.019

Strange NC, Moulton JK, Bernard EC, Klingeman WE, Sampson BJ, Trigiano RN (2020). Floral visitors to Helianthus verticillatus, a rare sunflower species in the southern United States. HortScience 55(12):1980-1986. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI15394-20

Stucky JM, Gadd LE, Arellano C (2012). Pollination Biology and Seed Production of a Federally Endangered Perennial, Echinacea laevigata (Asteraceae∶ Heliantheae). The American Midland Naturalist 168(1):93-111. https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031-168.1.93

Su R, Dai W, Yang Y, Wang X, Gao R, He M, ... Mu J (2022). Introduced honey bees increase host plant abundance but decrease native bumble bee species richness and abundance. Ecosphere 13(6):e4085. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4085

Sulborska A, Weryszko-Chmielewska E (2006). Morphology, anatomy and ultrastructure of yarrow [Achillea millefolium L.] floral nectaries. Acta Agrobotanica 59(1). https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.2006.002

Sutter L, Jeanneret P, Bartual AM, Bocci G, Albrecht M (2017). Enhancing plant diversity in agricultural landscapes promotes both rare bees and dominant crop‐pollinating bees through complementary increase in key floral resources. Journal of Applied Ecology 54(6):1856-1864. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12907

Suwannapong G, Maksong S, Yemor T, Junsuri N, Benbow ME (2013). Three species of native Thai honey bees exploit overlapping pollen resources: identification of bee flora from pollen loads and midguts from Apis cerana, A. dorsata and A. florea. Journal of Apicultural Research 52(5):196-201. https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.52.5.05

Tejaswini P, Reddy P, Venugopalan R, Kumar R, Bindu KH, Bharti TU, Laxman RH (2025). Pollination efficiency and foraging behaviour of honey bees in hybrid seed production of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.). Discover Plants 2(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44372-025-00238-9

Thapa R, Wongsiri S (1997). Eupatorium odoratum: a honey plant for beekeepers in Thailand. Bee World 78(4):175-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1997.11099362

Theodorou P, Radzevičiūtė R, Lentendu G, Kahnt B, Husemann M, Bleidorn C, Paxton RJ (2020). Urban areas as hotspots for bees and pollination but not a panacea for all insects. Nature Communications 11(1):576. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14496-6

Thokchom J, Thokchom R, Akoikam R, Sanasam SS, Devi YR, Potsangbam KS (2023). Honeybee flora for commercial beekeeping in Manipur, India. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13(9):51-64. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i92204

Threlfall CG, Walker K, Williams NS, Hahs AK, Mata L, Stork N, Livesley SJ (2015). The conservation value of urban green space habitats for Australian native bee communities. Biological Conservation 187:240-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.05.003

Tian L, Ren J, Li R, Di N, Huang X, Wang S, ... Xu X (2023). The honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) is an efficient pollinator for Paeonia lactiflora Pall in the field. Applied Sciences 13(2):1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13021179

Tiley GE (2010). Biological flora of the British Isles: Cirsium arvense (L.) scop. Journal of Ecology 98(4):938-983. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01678.x

Timberlake TP, Vaughan IP, Memmott J (2019). Phenology of farmland floral resources reveals seasonal gaps in nectar availability for bumblebees. Journal of Applied Ecology 56(7):1585-1596. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13403

Tison L, Hahn ML, Holtz S, Rößner A, Greggers U, Bischoff G, Menzel R (2016). Honey bees’ behavior is impaired by chronic exposure to the neonicotinoid thiacloprid in the field. Environmental Science and Technology 50(13):7218-7227. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02658

Toledo-Hernández E, Peña-Chora G, Hernández-Velázquez VM, Lormendez CC, Toribio-Jiménez J, Romero-Ramírez Y, León-Rodríguez R (2022). The stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini): A review of the current threats to their survival. Apidologie 53(1):8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-022-00913-w

Tommasi D, Miro A, Higo HA, Winston ML (2004). Bee diversity and abundance in an urban setting. The Canadian Entomologist 136(6):851-869. https://doi.org/10.4039/n04-010

Torezan-Silingardi HM, Silberbauer-Gottsberger I, Gottsberger G (2021). Pollination ecology: Natural history, perspectives and future directions. In: Tovar-Salazar A (Ed). Plant-Animal Interactions: Source of Biodiversity. Springer pp 119-174. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66877-8_6

Traveset A, Willson MF, Sabag C (1998). Effect of nectar‐robbing birds on fruit set of Fuchsia magellanica in Tierra del Fuego: A disrupted mutualism. Functional Ecology 12(3):459-464. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00212.x

Tudi M, Daniel Ruan H, Wang L, Lyu J, Sadler R, Connell D, Phung DT (2021). Agriculture development, pesticide application and its impact on the environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(3):1112. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031112

Uluer DA (2021). A review for the pollinators of Papilionaceous flowers. Turkish Journal of Biodiversity 4(1):36-52. https://doi.org/10.38059/biodiversity.814617

Ulyshen M, Urban-Mead KR, Dorey JB, Rivers JW (2023). Forests are critically important to global pollinator diversity and enhance pollination in adjacent crops. Biological Reviews 98(4):1118-1141. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12947

Valchev H, Kolev Z, Stoykova B, Kozuharova E (2022). Pollinators of Lavandula angustifolia Mill., an important factor for optimal production of lavender essential oil. BioRisk 17:297-307. https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.17.77364

Van der Pijl L (1972). Functional considerations and observations on the flowers of some Labiatae. Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants 20(1):93-103.

Van der Sluijs JP, Vaage NS (2016). Pollinators and global food security: The need for holistic global stewardship. Food Ethics 1:75-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41055-016-0003-z

Vargas Guarín A, Herrera Cerquera JP, Caicedo Díaz GE, Salamanca Bastidas J (2025). Floral visitors associated with the cultivation of Achira (Canna indica) in different altitudinal zones in the Department of Huila. Land Degradation and Development 36(8):2844-2853. https://doi.org/10.22541/au.172455276.62653781/v1

Varnava AI, Manganaris GA, Stavrinides MC (2023). Assessing the biodiversity and the impact of pollinators on carob production. PLOS ONE 18(10):e0291431. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291431

Vaudo AD, Tooker JF, Grozinger CM, Patch HM (2015). Bee nutrition and floral resource restoration. Current Opinion in Insect Science 10:133-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2015.05.008

Vaughan M, Black SH (2008). Native pollinators: How to protect and enhance habitat for native bees. Native Plants Journal 9(2):80-91. https://doi.org/10.2979/npj.2008.9.2.80

Venjakob C, Leonhardt S, Klein AM (2020). Inter-individual nectar chemistry changes of field scabious, knautia arvensis. Insects 11(2):75. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11020075

Venturini EM, Drummond FA, Hoshide AK, Dibble AC, Stack LB (2017). Pollination reservoirs for wild bee habitat enhancement in cropping systems: A review. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 41(2):101-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2016.1258377

Villanueva-Gutiérrez R, Roubik DW, Colli-Ucán W, Tuz-Novelo M (2018). The value of plants for the Mayan stingless honey bee Melipona beecheii (Apidae: Meliponini): a pollen-based study in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. In: Pot-pollen in stingless bee melittology, Cham: Springer International Publishing pp 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61839-5_5

Wagner DL (2020). Insect declines in the Anthropocene. Annual Review of Entomology 65(1):457-480. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025151

Walter J (2020). Dryness, wetness and temporary flooding reduce floral resources of plant communities with adverse consequences for pollinator attraction. Journal of Ecology 108(4):1453-1464. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13364

Wang B, Zhang H, Jarzembowski EA (2013). Early Cretaceous angiosperms and beetle evolution. Frontiers in Plant Science 4:360. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00360

Ward LT, Hladik ML, Guzman A, Winsemius S, Bautista A, Kremen C, Mills NJ (2022). Pesticide exposure of wild bees and honey bees foraging from field border flowers in intensively managed agriculture areas. Science of the Total Environment 831:154697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154697

Ware AB, Compton SG (1994). Responses of fig wasps to host plant volatile cues. Journal of Chemical Ecology 20(3):785-802. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02059613

Warren ML, Kram KE, Theiss KE (2020). Characterizing the nectar microbiome of the non-native tropical milkweed, Asclepias curassavica, in an urban environment. PLOS ONE 15(9):e0237561. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237561

Watson T (2021). Not all pollinator gardens are created equally: Determining factors pertinent to improving pollinator garden effectiveness. Master’s thesis. East Tennessee State University. Retrieved 2024 August 12 from https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3876

Westerkamp CH (1996). Pollen in bee‐flower relations: Some considerations on melittophily. Botanica Acta 109(4):325-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1996.tb00580.x

Whelan RJ, Ayre DJ, Beynon FM (2009). The birds and the bees: pollinator behaviour and variation in the mating system of the rare shrub Grevillea macleayana. Annals of Botany 103(9):1395-1401. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp091

Whitten WM (1981). Pollination ecology of Monarda didyma, M. clinopodia, and hybrids (Lamiaceae) in the southern Appalachian Mountains. American Journal of Botany 68(3):435-442.

Wiesenborn WD (2022). Flowering by dioecious Rhamnus ilicifolia (Rhamnaceae) and pollen transport to female flowers by flies and bees. Western North American Naturalist 82(1):67-76. https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0106

Wignall VR, Arscott NA, Nudds HE, Squire A, Green TO, Ratnieks FL (2020). Thug life: bramble (Rubus fruticosus L. agg.) is a valuable foraging resource for honeybees and diverse flower‐visiting insects. Insect Conservation and Diversity 13(6):543-557. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12436

Williams PH (2022). The Bumblebees of the Himalaya - An identification guide. AbcTaxa 21:175-176.

Willmer PG, Stone GN (2004). Behavioral, ecological, and physiological determinants of the activity patterns of bees. Advances in the Study of Behavior 34:347-466. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/S0065-3454(04)34009-X

Wilson CJ, Jamieson MA (2019). The effects of urbanization on bee communities depends on floral resource availability and bee functional traits. PLOS ONE 14(12):e0225852. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225852

Winfree R, Aguilar R, Vázquez DP, LeBuhn G, Aizen MA (2009). A meta‐analysis of bees' responses to anthropogenic disturbance. Ecology 90(8):2068-2076. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1245.1

Wist TJ, Davis AR (2013). Evaluation of inflorescence visitors as pollinators of Echinacea angustifolia (Asteraceae): comparison of techniques. Journal of Economic Entomology 106(5):2055-2071. https://doi.org/10.1603/ec13049

Wolff D, Witt T, Jürgens A, Gottsberger G (2006). Nectar dynamics and reproductive success in Saponaria officinalis (Caryophyllaceae) in southern Germany. Flora-Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 201(5):353-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2005.07.010

Woodard SH, Jha S (2017). Wild bee nutritional ecology: Predicting pollinator population dynamics, movement, and services from floral resources. Current Opinion in Insect Science 21:83-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2017.05.011

Wratten SD, Gillespie M, Decourtye A, Mader E, Desneux N (2012). Pollinator habitat enhancement: Benefits to other ecosystem services. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 159:112-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.06.020

Wróblewska A, Stawiarz E, Masierowska M (2016). Evaluation of selected ornamental Asteraceae as a pollen source for urban bees. Journal of Apicultural Science 60(2):179. https://doi.org/10.1515/jas-2016-0031

Yildiz F, Aslay M, Kaya O (2024). Pollination strategies and reproductive biology of Fritillaria imperialis L. (Liliaceae): insights from Erzincan, Türkiye. Diversity 16(8):455. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16080455

Zariman NA, Omar NA, Huda AN (2022). Plant attractants and rewards for pollinators: Their significance to successful crop pollination. International Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology 5(2):270-293. https://doi.org/10.38001/ijlsb.1069254

Zhao XN, Zhao JM, Guo JX, Zhang YW (2017). Temporal variation in relative frequency of nectariferous and nectarless inflorescences and its effect on subsequent fecundity in an ephemeral plant, Corydalis ambigua (Fumariaceae). Journal of Systematics and Evolution 55(1):44-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12210

Zhou HX, Cheng MH, Pan JL, Cui P, Song YQ, Yu Y, ... Zha HG (2023). Residues of sulfoxaflor and its metabolites in floral and extrafloral nectar from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Malvaceae) with or without co-application of tebuconazole. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 196:105587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105587

Downloads

Published

2025-08-29

How to Cite

MALLICK, M. A. I., & MISHRA, S. (2025). Bee-pollinator-plant connections: A review of wild bee diversity and plant associations in West Bengal, India. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 17(3), 12227. https://doi.org/10.55779/nsb17312227

Issue

Vol. 17 No. 3 (2025)

Section

Review Articles
CITATION
DOI: 10.55779/nsb17312227

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Abu Imran MALLICK

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Open Access and Licensing

Articles published in Notulae Scientia Biologicae are made immediately and permanently available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

Authors retain copyright and publishing rights and grant the journal and its publisher, the Society of Land Measurements and Cadastre from Transylvania (SMTCT), a non-exclusive licence to publish, distribute, preserve, and make the article available in digital and other formats.

The licence permits sharing, copying, redistribution, adaptation, and reuse in any medium or format, including for commercial purposes, provided that appropriate credit is given, the original publication is identified, a link to the licence is provided, and any changes are indicated.

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC